- C.A. Basset: "Beneficial Effects of Electromagnetic Fields," Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 51 (4), April 1993, pp. 387-393. - This study investigated among other things the effect of PEMF on complicated bone fractures that would not heal as part of the natural recovery process.
- G. Fischer "Improved Fracture Healing and Changes in Biochemical Blood Parameters in Rabbits After Artificial Femurosteotomy in a Low Frequency Magnetic Field," University of Graz, 1998. - This single-blind study on rabbits has shown that development of callus was greatly improved in comparison with the control group (observation of alkaline phosphatase, creatinine kinase and development of callus under CT).
- K.L. Grace et al.: "The Effects of PEMF on Fresh Fracture Healing: Osteochondral Repair in the Rate Femoral Groove," Department of Orthopaedics, UMDS, London Orthopaedics, March 1998, 21 (3), pp. 297-302. - This study shows that PEMF causes an early vascular reaction in bone and wound healing and thus promote bone growth.
- G. Borsalino et al.: "Electrical Stimulation of Human Femoral Interochanteric Osteotomies. Double blind Study," Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Montecchio Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy. Klin Orthop (237), pp. 256-263. PEMF yielded a significant improvement in bone healing (even after surgery) in this double blind study on 32 patients with x-ray monitoring and measurement of callus density.
- Pienkowski D., Pollack S.R., Brighton C.T., Griffith N.J., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104. Placebo controlled double blind study to determine the effect of symmetrical-waveform electromagnetic on the stiffness of fracture sites in a rabbit fibular-osteotomy model. Dose-response studies of pulse amplitude and pulse width were performed by cont. application of repetitive 15 Hz, bursted (five-msec) symmetrical, rectangular electromagnetic stimulus waveforms. Significant increase of callus bending stiffness was produced by pulse widths of 5 - 7 msec and pulse amplitudes of 50 to 100 mV. PMID: 8150816 PubMed
- G.B. Holmes Jr.: "Treatment of Delayed Unions and Non-unions of the Proximal Fifth Metatarsal with Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields," University of Orthopaedics, Chicago. Foot-Ankle-Int. 1994. - This study shows that pulsating electromagnetic fields are an effective alternative in supportive treatment of poorly healing bone fractures.
- A.T. Barker: "Pulsed Magnetic fields Therapy of Tibial Non-union. Interim Results of a Double blind Trial," Sheffield University, 1984, Lancet. - The active magnetic field group had an 87% success rate.
- M. Quittan et al.: "A good indication for Pulsating Electromagnetic Field," University Clinic for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, AKH Vienna, 1998, ÖZPMR. - The author analysed 22 randomised controlled double blind studies in conjunction with disturbed and normal bone healing. The result: with regard to bone healing, the efficacy of therapeutic pulsed magnetic field can be regarded as proven.
- V. Mooney, Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine. A randomized double blind prospective study of PEMF for lumbar interbody fusions was performed on 195 subjects. There were 98 subjects in the active group and 97 subjects in the placebo group. A brace containing equipment to induce an electromagnetic field was applied to patients undergoing interbody fusion in the active group, and a sham brace was used in the control group. In the active group there was a 92% success rate, while the control group had a 65% success rate (P greater than 0.005). The effectiveness of bone graft stimulation with the device is thus established. 2218718 PubMed
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